Twelve Zodiac Animals: Goat
Korean
Description
Rubbings of twelve zodiac animals from the tumulus
of General Kim Yu-sin 김유신 (595–673)
Korea, 20th century
Ink on paper
Stone reliefs: Unified Silla period (676–935)
Transfer from the Slide and Photograph Collection, Department of the
History of Art, 2021/1.128.1–12
These rubbings are taken from the reliefs on the guardian rocks (hoseok)
surrounding the tomb of General Kim Yu-sin 김유신 (595–673), a key
figure in the unification of the Korean Peninsula under the Silla during
the seventh century.
The reliefs are decorated with the twelve signs of the zodiac, depicted as
animal heads on human bodies. These signs are commonly associated
with a twelve-year cycle, each sign corresponding to a cardinal direction
and a time of day. While in China and Japan, objects bearing the zodiac
signs were often buried in tombs, the people of the Silla period in Korea
covered the exteriors of their tombs with rocks depicting the zodiac
figures, arranged as if they were guarding the deceased. Though zodiac
figures on guardian stones from the Silla period are typically depicted
in armor, the figures surrounding General Kim’s tomb are shown in
plain clothing and holding weapons.
Displayed as one of twelve prints.
(Korean Gallery Rotation, Summer 2025)
Subject Matter:
Copies and Invention in East Asia (August 17, 2019 - January 5, 2020)
The practice of ink rubbing was probably introduced to Korea from China in the Goryeo period (918–1392). These rubbings are taken from the reliefs on the guardian rocks (hoseok) around the tumulus of General Kim Yu-sin (595–673), who helped to unify the Korean Peninsula under the Silla during the seventh century. The reliefs are decorated with the twelve signs of the zodiac, comprised of animal heads on human bodies; each one represents a time and direction. The signs of the zodiac were a common decoration for tombs throughout East Asia. In China and Japan objects with the signs of the zodiac were buried inside tombs, but the people of the Silla period in Korea covered the exteriors of their tombs with rocks depicting the zodiac figures, arranged as if they were guarding the deceased. The twelve guardians on this ink rubbing, clad in armor and holding similar weapons, look to their right, the coherence and repetition of their gestures creating a rhythmic balance. The ink rubbings offer a better sense of the vibrant details of the shallow, delicate carving than original reliefs.
The sheep is the eigth animal in the zodiac. Depicted in this stone rubbing, it is one of the guardians of the tomb of General Kim Yusin, either to protect the tomb from erosion, or to show a high level of honor as Kim Yusin was highly influential in the unification of Korea.
The symbol of the sheep has many other associations, including being connected to the elemental power of earth and signifying the time between 13:00 and 14:59. People born in the year of the sheep are said to be sympathetic and calm, but they can also be resistant to change and hide an inner toughness.
Physical Description:
This is a rubbing of a figure with the head of a horned sheep dressed in robes. The figure holds a circle in its right hand, and a sword pointed at the ground in the right hand.
These rubbings are taken from reliefs of the twelve Chinese zodiac animal deities on the surface of guardian rocks (è·çŸ³, hoseok ) placed around the edge of the tumulus of General Kim Yusin (金庾信, 595–673) on Songhwasan Mountain (æ¾èŠ±å±±) in Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province. The twelve animal deities guard the twelve Earthly Branches which can be interpreted as spatial directions. Each animal deity has the face of a certain animal and a body of human. The twelve animal deities occur in the following order according to the Chinese zodiac: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. While the twelve deities on guardian stones placed around royal tumuli from the Unified Silla period are normally clad in armor, those carved on the guardian stones surrounding General Kim’s tomb appear in plain clothes and with weapons.
[Korean Collection, University of Michigan Museum of Art (2017), 221]
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